A distillation–teleportation protocol for fault-tolerant QRAM

We present a protocol for fault-tolerantly implementing the logical quantum random access memory (QRAM) operation, given access to a specialized, noisy QRAM device. For coherently accessing classical memories of size 2^n, our protocol consumes only poly(n) fault-tolerant quantum resources (logical gates, logical qubits, quantum error correction cycles, etc.), avoiding the need to perform active error correction on all Ω(2^n) components of the QRAM device. This is the first rigorous conceptual demonstration that a specialized, noisy QRAM device could be useful for implementing a fault-tolerant quantum algorithm. In fact, the fidelity of the device can be as low as 1/poly(n). The protocol queries the noisy QRAM device poly(n) times to prepare a sequence of n-qubit QRAM resource states, which are moved to a generalpurpose poly(n)-size processor to be encoded into a QEC code, distilled, and fault-tolerantly teleported into the computation. To aid this protocol, we develop a new gate-efficient streaming version of quantum purity amplification that matches the optimal sample complexity in a wide range of parameters and is therefore of independent interest. The exponential reduction in fault-tolerant quantum resources comes at the expense of an exponential quantity of purely classical complexity—each of the n iterations of the protocol requires adaptively updating the 2^n-size classical dataset and providing the noisy QRAM device with access to the updated dataset at the next iteration. While our protocol demonstrates that QRAM is more compatible with faulttolerant quantum computation than previously thought, the need for significant classical computational complexity exposes potentially fundamental limitations to realizing a truly poly(n)-cost fault-tolerant QRAM.