Eugene Yan
Eugene Yan is an applied scientist at Amazon, but he’s also known for his personal site where he covers topics like machine learning systems, data science methodology, dealing with imposter syndrome, and building data science teams.
Courtesy of Eugene Yan

Eugene Yan and the art of writing about science

Why the Amazon applied scientist takes the time to break down his work for readers.  

Eugene Yan’s career path has taken some unusual turns, but his motivation has always been the same: understanding people so he can help them. A policy analyst turned data scientist, Yan is now an applied scientist at Amazon using customer-behavior data to help recommend the best products. In the world of machine learning, however, he’s best known for the way he writes it all down. On his personal site, Yan covers a range of professional and technical topics like machine learning systems, data science methodology, dealing with imposter syndrome, and building data science teams.

Eugene Yan started eugeneyan.com in 2020, focusing on general machine learning and career content. Initially it was for personal development, but then people started reading, and now writing posts takes up the majority of his leisure time.

He started the site for personal development, but then people started reading, his network started expanding, and now writing posts takes up the majority of his leisure time. “It snowballed,” he said. “Writing helps me learn better. And when I share it online, it attracts like-minded readers and helps me make new friends. ”

Born in Singapore, Yan studied psychology at Singapore Management University. “I was curious about people, how they perceive and how they behave,” he said. His college research focused on how competition affects people differently — motivating some and intimidating others. After college, he joined the Singapore government as a policy analyst sifting through legal cases and trade agreements. But it wasn’t long before he began to miss crunching numbers and following the data on human behavior. “I began to envy my colleagues in commodities who relied on numbers and worked with spreadsheets,” Yan said.

He decided to try and make the switch to a data science position based on some familiarity with the subject from his undergraduate research days. He landed a position at IBM in 2013, and from there he moved to data science roles at Lazada, a Southeast Asian e-commerce site, and then UCARE.AI, a healthcare startup.

A desire to help

“In every change in my career, what drives me is helping people,” Yan noted.

At IBM, it was helping people find new roles. At Lazada, it involved helping people find products they need. At UCARE.AI, it entailed predicting chronic diseases and preventing high insurance payouts. “This brings me way more satisfaction than dollars and cents,” he explained.

While at Lazada, Yan decided he needed more training in the fundamentals and pursued a master’s in computer science from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He graduated in 2019, and then he and his wife began considering a move overseas. He applied for a position at Amazon, drawn to the company’s leadership principles and the ability to help customers read more. He relocated to Seattle to join Amazon in 2020.

While Amazon has several ways to help readers find books, from Amazon Book Review to Amazon Charts, Yan is part of a team developing the recommendation systems that power the widgets behind the Amazon Store’s personalized book suggestions. “Customers tell us what they like based on what they do,” he explained. “They browse for a specific book, a genre or a topic.” His team uses those signals to help surface additional books a reader might like. Ultimately, Yan and his team want to make reading easier.

Writing it all down

Early in his transition to data science, Yan started interviewing mentors for advice, some of whom were “rock star data scientists.” He asked what skills he should cultivate to be successful. The one skill a majority of mentors suggested was communication. The people he spoke with emphasized how communication becomes more and more important as you rise in the ranks. “I was like, ‘Are you kidding me?’ But more and more mentors said the same thing,” he recalls. “I thought, ‘This can’t be right, but I'm just going to try it.’”

Yan started practicing his writing, first publishing to a WordPress site. He wrote dozens of posts unnoticed, but then in 2020 created eugeneyan.com and started writing more general machine learning and career content. His writing began to gain an audience. Posts like “Unpopular opinion — Data scientists should be more end-to-end” received more than 500 likes on Twitter. One post on note-taking received 35,000 unique views in a single day. Feedback and praise began to pour in, and his “practice” website swelled into something much bigger.

For a brief period, Yan tried to sustain this level of social engagement. He wrote to please a mass audience and get clicks. “That quickly became unfulfilling,” he said. Now he focuses his writing on topics he wants to learn and aims for an audience of people he’d hope to be friends or colleagues with. “I might have fewer readers now since I’m choosing more technical topics, but these readers comment, disagree, and email me. Each comment and real relationship are worth more than 10,000 likes,” he said.

The many benefits of good writing

Yan's decision to become a better communicator and writer is especially valuable at Amazon. “The writing culture is rigorous at Amazon,” he said.

Amazon’s working backward method starts with an individual or team imagining the product or service is ready to launch. The individual or team’s first step is to draft a press release announcing the product’s availability, and explaining its significance. Moreover, meetings often start with participants reading a six-page document about the meeting’s topic before discussion begins.

Finding your voice and niche doesn’t happen overnight — you have to write and share your work. So just start somewhere, anywhere, and keep writing.
Eugene Yan

“I write as many documents as I code,” Yan said. Recently he received feedback that one of his design documents was easy to understand and clearly laid out everything the reader needed to know. In this way, his writing skills complement his design and machine learning skills. He also started a new site, Applying ML, which includes interviews with machine learning practitioners.

Yan is often asked by aspiring writers for advice on how they can improve their skills. The number one piece of direction he offers is to write for yourself — what do you want to learn and clarify your thinking on? — rather than social engagement. The second piece of advice: “just write.” The best way to figure out your niche and your audience is to simply put fingers to keyboard and start practicing, he said. Maybe after a dozen — or a few dozen — pieces you find your voice, what you want to write about, or what resonates best with the people reading along.

“If you never start writing, how will you know? Just like Blue Origin’s motto ‘Gradatim Ferociter’, which means ‘Step by step, ferociously’. Finding your voice and niche doesn’t happen overnight — you have to write and share your work,” he said. “So just start somewhere, anywhere, and keep writing.”

Research areas

Related content

  • Staff writer
    October 21, 2025
    Initiative will fund over 100 doctoral students researching machine learning, computer vision, and natural-language processing at nine universities.
  • Staff writer
    February 2, 2026
    Advancing AI requires more than breakthrough models. It depends on communities of builders and researchers who experiment, test assumptions, and share what they learn. That belief is guiding how Amazon engages developers and academics around Amazon Nova, Amazon’s portfolio of AI offerings including the Nova models, Nova Forge and Nova Act.
  • Staff writer
    December 29, 2025
    From foundation model safety frameworks and formal verification at cloud scale to advanced robotics and multimodal AI reasoning, these are the most viewed publications from Amazon scientists and collaborators in 2025.
IN, KA, Bengaluru
Interested to build the next generation Financial systems that can handle billions of dollars in transactions? Interested to build highly scalable next generation systems that could utilize Amazon Cloud? Massive data volume + complex business rules in a highly distributed and service oriented architecture, a world class information collection and delivery challenge. Our challenge is to deliver the software systems which accurately capture, process, and report on the huge volume of financial transactions that are generated each day as millions of customers make purchases, as thousands of Vendors and Partners are paid, as inventory moves in and out of warehouses, as commissions are calculated, and as taxes are collected in hundreds of jurisdictions worldwide. Key job responsibilities • Understand the business and discover actionable insights from large volumes of data through application of machine learning, statistics or causal inference. • Analyse and extract relevant information from large amounts of Amazon’s historical transactions data to help automate and optimize key processes • Research, develop and implement novel machine learning and statistical approaches for anomaly, theft, fraud, abusive and wasteful transactions detection. • Use machine learning and analytical techniques to create scalable solutions for business problems. • Identify new areas where machine learning can be applied for solving business problems. • Partner with developers and business teams to put your models in production. • Mentor other scientists and engineers in the use of ML techniques. A day in the life • Understand the business and discover actionable insights from large volumes of data through application of machine learning, statistics or causal inference. • Analyse and extract relevant information from large amounts of Amazon’s historical transactions data to help automate and optimize key processes • Research, develop and implement novel machine learning and statistical approaches for anomaly, theft, fraud, abusive and wasteful transactions detection. • Use machine learning and analytical techniques to create scalable solutions for business problems. • Identify new areas where machine learning can be applied for solving business problems. • Partner with developers and business teams to put your models in production. • Mentor other scientists and engineers in the use of ML techniques. About the team The FinAuto TFAW(theft, fraud, abuse, waste) team is part of FGBS Org and focuses on building applications utilizing machine learning models to identify and prevent theft, fraud, abusive and wasteful(TFAW) financial transactions across Amazon. Our mission is to prevent every single TFAW transaction. As a Machine Learning Scientist in the team, you will be driving the TFAW Sciences roadmap, conduct research to develop state-of-the-art solutions through a combination of data mining, statistical and machine learning techniques, and coordinate with Engineering team to put these models into production. You will need to collaborate effectively with internal stakeholders, cross-functional teams to solve problems, create operational efficiencies, and deliver successfully against high organizational standards.
IN, KA, Bengaluru
Interested to build the next generation Financial systems that can handle billions of dollars in transactions? Interested to build highly scalable next generation systems that could utilize Amazon Cloud? Massive data volume + complex business rules in a highly distributed and service oriented architecture, a world class information collection and delivery challenge. Our challenge is to deliver the software systems which accurately capture, process, and report on the huge volume of financial transactions that are generated each day as millions of customers make purchases, as thousands of Vendors and Partners are paid, as inventory moves in and out of warehouses, as commissions are calculated, and as taxes are collected in hundreds of jurisdictions worldwide. Key job responsibilities • Understand the business and discover actionable insights from large volumes of data through application of machine learning, statistics or causal inference. • Analyse and extract relevant information from large amounts of Amazon’s historical transactions data to help automate and optimize key processes • Research, develop and implement novel machine learning and statistical approaches for anomaly, theft, fraud, abusive and wasteful transactions detection. • Use machine learning and analytical techniques to create scalable solutions for business problems. • Identify new areas where machine learning can be applied for solving business problems. • Partner with developers and business teams to put your models in production. • Mentor other scientists and engineers in the use of ML techniques. A day in the life • Understand the business and discover actionable insights from large volumes of data through application of machine learning, statistics or causal inference. • Analyse and extract relevant information from large amounts of Amazon’s historical transactions data to help automate and optimize key processes • Research, develop and implement novel machine learning and statistical approaches for anomaly, theft, fraud, abusive and wasteful transactions detection. • Use machine learning and analytical techniques to create scalable solutions for business problems. • Identify new areas where machine learning can be applied for solving business problems. • Partner with developers and business teams to put your models in production. • Mentor other scientists and engineers in the use of ML techniques. About the team The FinAuto TFAW(theft, fraud, abuse, waste) team is part of FGBS Org and focuses on building applications utilizing machine learning models to identify and prevent theft, fraud, abusive and wasteful(TFAW) financial transactions across Amazon. Our mission is to prevent every single TFAW transaction. As a Machine Learning Scientist in the team, you will be driving the TFAW Sciences roadmap, conduct research to develop state-of-the-art solutions through a combination of data mining, statistical and machine learning techniques, and coordinate with Engineering team to put these models into production. You will need to collaborate effectively with internal stakeholders, cross-functional teams to solve problems, create operational efficiencies, and deliver successfully against high organizational standards.
IN, KA, Bengaluru
Amazon Health Services (One Medical) About Us: At Health AI, we're revolutionizing healthcare delivery through innovative AI-enabled solutions. As part of Amazon Health Services and One Medical, we're on a mission to make quality healthcare more accessible while improving patient outcomes. Our work directly impacts millions of lives by empowering patients and enabling healthcare providers to deliver more meaningful care. Role Overview: We're seeking an Applied Scientist to join our dynamic team in building state of the art AI/ML solutions for healthcare. This role offers a unique opportunity to work at the intersection of artificial intelligence and healthcare, developing solutions that will shape the future of medical services delivery. Key job responsibilities • Lead end-to-end development of AI/ML solutions for Amazon Health organization, including Amazon Pharmacy and One Medical • Research, design, and implement state-of-the-art machine learning models, with a focus on Large Language Models (LLMs) and Visual Language Models (VLMs) • Optimize and fine-tune models for production deployment, including model distillation for improved latency • Drive scientific innovation while maintaining a strong focus on practical business outcomes • Collaborate with cross-functional teams to translate complex technical solutions into tangible customer benefits • Contribute to the broader Amazon Health scientific community and help shape our technical roadmap
US, CA, Pasadena
The Amazon Center for Quantum Computing in Pasadena, CA, is looking to hire an Applied Scientist specializing in Mixed-Signal Design. Working alongside other scientists and engineers, you will design and validate hardware performing the control and readout functions for AWS quantum processors. Candidates must have a solid background in mixed-signal design at the printed circuit board (PCB) level. Working effectively within a cross-functional team environment is critical. The ideal candidate will have demonstrated the capability to contribute to all phases of product life cycle development, from requirements gathering to verification. Diverse Experiences Amazon values diverse experiences. Even if you do not meet all of the preferred qualifications and skills listed in the job description, we encourage candidates to apply. If your career is just starting, hasn’t followed a traditional path, or includes alternative experiences, don’t let it stop you from applying. Work/Life Balance We value work-life harmony. Achieving success at work should never come at the expense of sacrifices at home, which is why we strive for flexibility as part of our working culture. When we feel supported in the workplace and at home, there’s nothing we can’t achieve in the cloud. Inclusive Team Culture Here at Amazon, it’s in our nature to learn and be curious. Our employee-led affinity groups foster a culture of inclusion that empower us to be proud of our differences. Ongoing events and learning experiences, including our Conversations on Race and Ethnicity (CORE) and AmazeCon (gender diversity) conferences, inspire us to never stop embracing our uniqueness. Mentorship and Career Growth We’re continuously raising our performance bar as we strive to become Earth’s Best Employer. That’s why you’ll find endless knowledge-sharing, mentorship and other career-advancing resources here to help you develop into a better-rounded professional. Key job responsibilities Our scientists and engineers collaborate across diverse teams and projects to offer state of the art, cost effective solutions for the control of Amazon quantum processor systems. You’ll bring a passion for innovation, collaboration, and mentoring to: Solve layered technical problems, often ones not encountered before, across our hardware stack. Develop requirements with key system stakeholders, including quantum device, test and measurement, and cryogenic hardware teams. Design, implement, test, deploy, and maintain innovative solutions that meet both strict performance and cost metrics. Research enabling control system technologies necessary for Amazon to produce commercially viable quantum computers.
US, MA, Boston
The Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) team is seeking a dedicated, skilled, and innovative Applied Scientist with a robust background in machine learning, statistics, quality assurance, auditing methodologies, and automated evaluation systems to ensure the highest standards of data quality, to build industry-leading technology with Large Language Models (LLMs) and multimodal systems. Key job responsibilities As part of the AGI team, an Applied Scientist will collaborate closely with core scientist team developing Amazon Nova models. They will lead the development of comprehensive quality strategies and auditing frameworks that safeguard the integrity of data collection workflows. This includes designing auditing strategies with detailed SOPs, quality metrics, and sampling methodologies that help Nova improve performances on benchmarks. The Applied Scientist will perform expert-level manual audits, conduct meta-audits to evaluate auditor performance, and provide targeted coaching to uplift overall quality capabilities. A critical aspect of this role involves developing and maintaining LLM-as-a-Judge systems, including designing judge architectures, creating evaluation rubrics, and building machine learning models for automated quality assessment. The Applied Scientist will also set up the configuration of data collection workflows and communicate quality feedback to stakeholders. An Applied Scientist will also have a direct impact on enhancing customer experiences through high-quality training and evaluation data that powers state-of-the-art LLM products and services. A day in the life An Applied Scientist with the AGI team will support quality solution design, conduct root cause analysis on data quality issues, research new auditing methodologies, and find innovative ways of optimizing data quality while setting examples for the team on quality assurance best practices and standards. Besides theoretical analysis and quality framework development, an Applied Scientist will also work closely with talented engineers, domain experts, and vendor teams to put quality strategies and automated judging systems into practice.
US, CA, San Francisco
Amazon launched the AGI Lab to develop foundational capabilities for useful AI agents. We built Nova Act - a new AI model trained to perform actions within a web browser. The team builds AI/ML infrastructure that powers our production systems to run performantly at high scale. We’re also enabling practical AI to make our customers more productive, empowered, and fulfilled. In particular, our work combines large language models (LLMs) with reinforcement learning (RL) to solve reasoning, planning, and world modeling in both virtual and physical environments. Our lab is a small, talent-dense team with the resources and scale of Amazon. Each team in the lab has the autonomy to move fast and the long-term commitment to pursue high-risk, high-payoff research. We’re entering an exciting new era where agents can redefine what AI makes possible. We’d love for you to join our lab and build it from the ground up! Key job responsibilities This role will lead a team of SDEs building AI agents infrastructure from launch to scale. The role requires the ability to span across ML/AI system architecture and infrastructure. You will work closely with application developers and scientists to have a impact on the Agentic AI industry. We're looking for a Software Development Manager who is energized by building high performance systems, making an impact and thrives in fast-paced, collaborative environments. About the team Check out the Nova Act tools our team built on on nova.amazon.com/act
US, CA, Santa Clara
Amazon Quick Suite is an enterprise AI platform that transforms how organizations work with their data and knowledge. Combining generative AI-powered search, deep research capabilities, intelligent agents and automations, and comprehensive business intelligence, Quick Suite serves tens of thousands of users. Our platform processes thousands of queries monthly, helping teams make faster, data-driven decisions while maintaining enterprise-grade security and governance. From natural language interactions with complex datasets to automated workflows and custom AI agents, Quick Suite is redefining workplace productivity at unprecedented scale. We are seeking a Data Scientist II to join our Quick Data team, focusing on evaluation and benchmarking data development for Quick Suite features, with particular emphasis on Research and other generative AI capabilities. Our mission is to engineer high-quality datasets that are essential to the success of Amazon Quick Suite. From human evaluations and Responsible AI safeguards to Retrieval-Augmented Generation and beyond, our work ensures that Generative AI is enterprise-ready, safe, and effective for users at scale. As part of our diverse team—including data scientists, engineers, language engineers, linguists, and program managers—you will collaborate closely with science, engineering, and product teams. We are driven by customer obsession and a commitment to excellence. Key job responsibilities In this role, you will leverage data-centric AI principles to assess the impact of data on model performance and the broader machine learning pipeline. You will apply Generative AI techniques to evaluate how well our data represents human language and conduct experiments to measure downstream interactions. Specific responsibilities include: * Design and develop comprehensive evaluation and benchmarking datasets for Quick Suite AI-powered features * Leverage LLMs for synthetic data corpora generation; data evaluation and quality assessment using LLM-as-a-judge settings * Create ground truth datasets with high-quality question-answer pairs across diverse domains and use cases * Lead human annotation initiatives and model evaluation audits to ensure data quality and relevance * Develop and refine annotation guidelines and quality frameworks for evaluation tasks * Conduct statistical analysis to measure model performance, identify failure patterns, and guide improvement strategies * Collaborate with ML scientists and engineers to translate evaluation insights into actionable product improvements * Build scalable data pipelines and tools to support continuous evaluation and benchmarking efforts * Contribute to Responsible AI initiatives by developing safety and fairness evaluation datasets About the team Why AWS? Amazon Web Services (AWS) is the world’s most comprehensive and broadly adopted cloud platform. We pioneered cloud computing and never stopped innovating — that’s why customers from the most successful startups to Global 500 companies trust our robust suite of products and services to power their businesses. Inclusive Team Culture Here at AWS, it’s in our nature to learn and be curious. Our employee-led affinity groups foster a culture of inclusion that empower us to be proud of our differences. Ongoing events and learning experiences, including our Conversations on Race and Ethnicity (CORE) and AmazeCon conferences, inspire us to never stop embracing our uniqueness. Mentorship & Career Growth We’re continuously raising our performance bar as we strive to become Earth’s Best Employer. That’s why you’ll find endless knowledge-sharing, mentorship and other career-advancing resources here to help you develop into a better-rounded professional. Work/Life Balance We value work-life harmony. Achieving success at work should never come at the expense of sacrifices at home, which is why we strive for flexibility as part of our working culture. When we feel supported in the workplace and at home, there’s nothing we can’t achieve in the cloud. Hybrid Work We value innovation and recognize this sometimes requires uninterrupted time to focus on a build. We also value in-person collaboration and time spent face-to-face. Our team affords employees options to work in the office every day or in a flexible, hybrid work model near one of our U.S. Amazon offices.
US, MA, Boston
The Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) team is seeking a dedicated, skilled, and innovative Applied Scientist with a robust background in machine learning, statistics, quality assurance, auditing methodologies, and automated evaluation systems to ensure the highest standards of data quality, to build industry-leading technology with Large Language Models (LLMs) and multimodal systems. Key job responsibilities As part of the AGI team, an Applied Scientist will collaborate closely with core scientist team developing Amazon Nova models. They will lead the development of comprehensive quality strategies and auditing frameworks that safeguard the integrity of data collection workflows. This includes designing auditing strategies with detailed SOPs, quality metrics, and sampling methodologies that help Nova improve performances on benchmarks. The Applied Scientist will perform expert-level manual audits, conduct meta-audits to evaluate auditor performance, and provide targeted coaching to uplift overall quality capabilities. A critical aspect of this role involves developing and maintaining LLM-as-a-Judge systems, including designing judge architectures, creating evaluation rubrics, and building machine learning models for automated quality assessment. The Applied Scientist will also set up the configuration of data collection workflows and communicate quality feedback to stakeholders. An Applied Scientist will also have a direct impact on enhancing customer experiences through high-quality training and evaluation data that powers state-of-the-art LLM products and services. A day in the life An Applied Scientist with the AGI team will support quality solution design, conduct root cause analysis on data quality issues, research new auditing methodologies, and find innovative ways of optimizing data quality while setting examples for the team on quality assurance best practices and standards. Besides theoretical analysis and quality framework development, an Applied Scientist will also work closely with talented engineers, domain experts, and vendor teams to put quality strategies and automated judging systems into practice.
US, MA, Boston
The Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) team is seeking a dedicated, skilled, and innovative Applied Scientist with a robust background in machine learning, statistics, quality assurance, auditing methodologies, and automated evaluation systems to ensure the highest standards of data quality, to build industry-leading technology with Large Language Models (LLMs) and multimodal systems. Key job responsibilities As part of the AGI team, an Applied Scientist will collaborate closely with core scientist team developing Amazon Nova models. They will lead the development of comprehensive quality strategies and auditing frameworks that safeguard the integrity of data collection workflows. This includes designing auditing strategies with detailed SOPs, quality metrics, and sampling methodologies that help Nova improve performances on benchmarks. The Applied Scientist will perform expert-level manual audits, conduct meta-audits to evaluate auditor performance, and provide targeted coaching to uplift overall quality capabilities. A critical aspect of this role involves developing and maintaining LLM-as-a-Judge systems, including designing judge architectures, creating evaluation rubrics, and building machine learning models for automated quality assessment. The Applied Scientist will also set up the configuration of data collection workflows and communicate quality feedback to stakeholders. An Applied Scientist will also have a direct impact on enhancing customer experiences through high-quality training and evaluation data that powers state-of-the-art LLM products and services. A day in the life An Applied Scientist with the AGI team will support quality solution design, conduct root cause analysis on data quality issues, research new auditing methodologies, and find innovative ways of optimizing data quality while setting examples for the team on quality assurance best practices and standards. Besides theoretical analysis and quality framework development, an Applied Scientist will also work closely with talented engineers, domain experts, and vendor teams to put quality strategies and automated judging systems into practice.
US, MA, Boston
The Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) team is seeking a dedicated, skilled, and innovative Applied Scientist with a robust background in machine learning, statistics, quality assurance, auditing methodologies, and automated evaluation systems to ensure the highest standards of data quality, to build industry-leading technology with Large Language Models (LLMs) and multimodal systems. Key job responsibilities As part of the AGI team, an Applied Scientist will collaborate closely with core scientist team developing Amazon Nova models. They will lead the development of comprehensive quality strategies and auditing frameworks that safeguard the integrity of data collection workflows. This includes designing auditing strategies with detailed SOPs, quality metrics, and sampling methodologies that help Nova improve performances on benchmarks. The Applied Scientist will perform expert-level manual audits, conduct meta-audits to evaluate auditor performance, and provide targeted coaching to uplift overall quality capabilities. A critical aspect of this role involves developing and maintaining LLM-as-a-Judge systems, including designing judge architectures, creating evaluation rubrics, and building machine learning models for automated quality assessment. The Applied Scientist will also set up the configuration of data collection workflows and communicate quality feedback to stakeholders. An Applied Scientist will also have a direct impact on enhancing customer experiences through high-quality training and evaluation data that powers state-of-the-art LLM products and services. A day in the life An Applied Scientist with the AGI team will support quality solution design, conduct root cause analysis on data quality issues, research new auditing methodologies, and find innovative ways of optimizing data quality while setting examples for the team on quality assurance best practices and standards. Besides theoretical analysis and quality framework development, an Applied Scientist will also work closely with talented engineers, domain experts, and vendor teams to put quality strategies and automated judging systems into practice.